The political and administrative system
Known in the Babylonian monarchy hereditary system, rarely enjoy the kings of absolute sovereignty, Royal Houalemrkz administrative Vakasr alongside the Temple, and with the claim of the Kings that the gods are chosen to govern the country, and authorized them to act in parish affairs, did not Aalhoa themselves, as did the others, and the King he decides adult staff at the palace tasks limits. As it was costing them military Bloamal days of the war. King did not have a loose titles such as King of the four regions that were common in the Akkadian kingdom, but they were satisfied the title of "Great King," "strong king," as Hammurabi called himself the title of "sponsor parent." And it was. The minister ( "Suklo") to assist the King, and the conservative "Rpejanon" (rabiianum, the Great) manages the provinces and territories on behalf of the king. Then spread the name "Khozaanm / Khoznm" him. And it had to various management personnel to be able to write, so they often refer to them as a writer for "Tabhro" (Tubxharru, book), and turned the palace Agriculture and temple affairs. As they had to land a measure of the property owners or tenant farmers, and monitor animal and hunting husbandry affairs, and found staff responsible for organizing major and maintenance of water channels, and the establishment of barriers and dams on the rivers, and ordered the collection of taxes and fees of various merchants and owners of different professions were located on the responsibility of tax collectors. " Max "(makisu).
Ancient Babylonian State
With the beginning of flesh "Hamsho- Ilona" (Šamšu-iluna) son of Hammurabi began to rebel movements permeated the cities of the south, what Adharh to fight in Marak several, but the control of Babylon on the region started to weaken with time, as these internal rebellions foreign invasions contributed to the loss of Babel their capacity to adjust Babylonia, and ended the State of ancient Babylon with the invasion of King Alehita Morchila first (Muršili I), who ruled between (1604-1594 BC) to the city of Babylon.
Babylonian rulers subsequent
Considered the subsequent period to the era of the ancient Babylonian state of the dark periods in the history of the scarcity of written sources, they were sentenced Kushans Babylonian period 400 years, has lent the influence of the state from the Euphrates to the Zagros and made it in the 15th century BC regional power between the old world powers wearer of countries recital and Almitanip and Egyptian. This was followed by a short period to the beginning of the Assyrian tide affects Babylonia.
In the year 1155 BC attacked Elam Babylon area and entered the city of Babylon itself and destroyed and looted, and loot was obelisk famous Code of Hammurabi, which developed in the city of Sousse.
In the year 1137 BC was able "Nebuchadnezzar first" King of Essen, a city of exclusion rulers Alcahien second Essen strain and the inauguration of the rulers to the Babylonian, also fought against Elam and destroyed the city of Sousse and returned the obelisk of Hammurabi in Babylon, and the attempts of Nebuchadnezzar the first to expand the influence of Babylon has watched and Thbttha State Assyrian, though he did not get a direct confrontation between the two states, but soon included the Assyrian state of Babylon was destroyed and did not affect the temples, which was considered sacrilege. As a pair, "Houlmano- Acharid" third son "Hamsha- Adad" V Princess of the Babylonian "Hmiromat" known under the name of Semiramis, who ruled after her husband Assyrian State for four years death. He also "Tocolta- Abeli- indicated" the third crowned himself in Babylon after the unrest took place there, and thus unite the royal crown of Babylon and Assyria for the first time in history and in response to attempts Babylonian preparing to belong to the rule of Assyria and with the help of Elam, the "O. Ohai- Iriba" ( Snharib in Altnach) in the year 689 BC Bmhajh city of Babylon and its destruction, has tried his son "Achur- Ohai- our hands" (Esarhaddon in Altnach) to rebuild the city and restore the old grandeur, but the political Assyrian changed the direction of Babylon after him, and the consequences have been wars and destruction In the year 648 BC, was the city's surrender to Lemke "Achur- Bana- apli" after being besieged for two years.
State Babylonian modern
Crystal Clear app kdict.png detailed article: Chaldean empire
He ascended the military commander Nbo- Abla- insisted in 625 BC. The throne of Babylon opened the modern era of the Babylonian state, it has united the Babylonian groups and alliance with the Medes, who succeeded Elam in control of the areas in the east of Babylon, where the two countries held a kind of treaty as son married Nbo- Abla- insisted Hvidt King MIDI, and through this Alliance can become the face of Assyria and even go about Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, where they fell in the year 612 BC, after a siege that lasted three months. After the death of Nbo- Abla- insisted rule "Nebuchadnezzar" II (605-562 BC), who demonstrated outstanding capabilities as a statesman and military leader and peacemaker and the owner of a huge building projects, Nebuchadnezzar has enabled in the custody of all the cities of the country to rebuild its temples and motherR. hard-water channels and build a fence known fence MIDI Ishtar Gate Alshahyrh.akhadda Nebuchadnezzar West Fertile Crescent regions (the Levant) and the imposition of the Almmlk and Alamrat and cities tribute performed to Babylon, and attacked the cities that tried to revolt, as happened with Oorslam where destroyed and the transfer of some of its population to Babylon and Babylonian. After the death of Nebuchadnezzar in the year 562 BC, succeeded by his son, "Nbo- Choma- Akin" (Nabû-šuma-ukîn) who changed his name to the man Murdoch, "Murdoch Aml-" (Amel-Marduk), but that his reign lasted only two years where neighbor turned against him military commander "Nrjal- Chara- Asour" (Nergal-šarra-usur) and wrested the throne from him. The sharp tendencies with priests to enable "Nabonidus" (Nbo- Na- hands Nabû-nā'id), who was a slave Deus Seine to assuming the throne of Babylon in 556 BC, was "Nbonid" tried to curb the priests of the god Marduk, what brought a lot of problems in the redistribution of agricultural land and organize Ojaratha.turk "Nbonid" the process of the state headquarters for his son "BULL Haro- Asour"
(Bel-šarru-usur) and pulled into an oasis Taima where control commercial convoys of them passers-March economic pressure on Msr.alolaah Babylonian, having defeated the Persians Lydian, Persian Aljbh directed toward led by Cyrus II of Babylon, and income after light resistance in the year 539 BC, Babylon and
turned to one of the states (Satrapat) important Persian state. Aramaic was the language of official transactions in Babylon, as scientists continue using the Akkadian language and writing, has provided scholars from throughout the ancient world of Egypt, Persia and India to study the scientists, it has set the astronomers of Babylon in the fifth century BC, the solar year and established in the year 410 the first BC towers schemes, and this time the evolution of the astronomers Babylonian what is known as the science of Alcaldah astronomy that formed the base of the astronomers in the period year Alhllenstah.vi 333 BC defeated Alexander the Great over the Persians included Babel of his reign, has tolerated the Greeks with the Babylonian culture and interacted with them and developed, it was built the scene in Babylon, and after the death of Alexander wrestled his successors on the king and Tillsnoa in wars took place havoc on Almentazaa areas. In the first century BC, moved the rule of Babylon Walid Alfrthein.aguetsad cultivation required agriculture in the Babylonian, hard work and carefully structured, but it was fruitless yields abundance, it is necessary to split the channels for the delivery of water to the fields, and the work of the main channels responsibility of the State. The farmers Vitolon small secondary channels and take care of it. Uncommon to sow crops in the late fall and harvested in late spring. The grain harvested with machetes. It seems that the Babylonians were using Alnorj of the study, then they ablation process, and then store the crop in the barns close to the fields. The crops were wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, flax, sesame, Bazlia, oats, millet and peas. Barley and occupied the first place in terms of human use, they made him the bread, flour and beer whiskey. The Babylonians extracted oil from sesame poverty area with olive trees, and tissue made from flax. He was going through the palm of the most important nutrients, and use palm wood to different uses in the construction field, it is known figs, pomegranates and apples fruit trees, often used plants and herbs to cure. And animal husbandry, the dog knew one of the oldest domestic animals to the large benefits in the protection and hunting. As
Rbia domestic cats. Intercostal cow, sheep, goat and pig. In graphic scenes mafees for bulls, with the bull a symbol of the god of the moon, and note that the kings were divine Atlqubon title «Bull» a reference to the force. As Pastor sheep true form to the shepherds and the title «Shepherd» taken by many of the kings themselves. Use the donkey and mule was also mentioned in the writings of the Babylonian, and the horse was delayed his appearance in Babylonia, and others like sentences. In addition to the animals Rbia birds such as geese and ducks, as well as chickens and ostriches, Alhamam.mhn and symbols used in the Babylonian Akkadian word "Oomanoto" (ummanutu) to denote the crafts, but the word "ume / Oomano" the teacher craft. The textile, sewing and embroidery of the main character, which singled out women. There is evidence to suggest making dresses valuable for kings and high priests and others, and the tailoring and weaving wool and linen material. I knew colorful fabrics and dyeing mediated alum and scarlet. The Commonly used in weaving looms. There was again a character distinct craft bags and carpet makers. The texts Mary ancient Babylonian texts Nozi richest texts in terms of information related to the carpet industry. Dbgt and leather-making, including clothing and shoes. One of the most animals that people benefited from the skins cows, and goats. And use a little skin for writing it. The cane is used in baskets and sticks of arrows and spears industry, and in the construction of boats and barges river, the industry Statistics doors and furnishing, and in the construction of huts and cover the houses and barns floors in the countryside, and the layers of limited bronchial used in the construction of large buildings Kalmabid tower (ziggurat) .kulh timber in Babylonia, it was brought from the northern and western mountains Shami coast. It is contained in dictionaries Babylonian large number of wooden tools used in various business, and in the manufacture of household furniture, was a carpenter for a major role in the construction of houses, temples, palaces, river barges and wagons with wooden wheels. As it was common in the craft of pottery Babylonian, the importance of the bricks in the construction industry, and in the work of clay tablets (number) to write them, and in pots, dolls and other works of art industry. As well as Haggar, where he brought the stones and rocks from the Asian mountain regions of Zagros and Iran, Anatolia and the Levant, the building and making stone tools, and artistic sculpture. Full text of the word "nBajo "(nappakhu) any mourning, blower your furnace melting metal. Use copper, bronze weapons and tools industry. Also it found a jeweler gold and precious silver and minerals Alokhry.altjarh and tools we got a lot of texts of trade agreements, and inventories of goods, commercial and correspondence from Babylonia . most of the commercial text documents. has popularized a private grain adoption of the substance of the swap, also
popularized the use of sheep and a way to estimate the price of the goods, too. then dissolved metals, especially copper, silver replaced barter. the state will hold trade agreements with its neighbors, and is keen to open roads, protect and control them and the conduct of trade caravans that rely on donkeys and means of transmission, and the merchant, "Tmkaro" (Tamkaru) the function of head of the Babylonian society: a buyer and a salesman in wholesale and retail, financier and investor, and a substitute for banks. the goods were exported from the Babylonian they are grains of all kinds, dates and tools manufacturer and textiles. the imports of raw mineral materials from Iran, Anatolia and the Levant, and, olive oil, wine and timber from the Levant as it was the slave trade Raijh.mojtma the family in all parts of the ancient Levant based on the authority of the father, but the father's rights were not absolute. Polygamy was not allowed except in rare cases, especially if the woman was barren, or suffer disease Edala. The husband has to spend on her if she wanted to stay with him, otherwise he must pay the full her dowry, and if they are born, the husband should pay her half of his property as well. And the wife enjoyed a social status equal to men, and have the right to work, after obtaining the consent of the husband. He preferred the birth of males over females, and Bakr special advantages, and it was the system of adoption Michra in social Alpablah.tabqat Liberals, who are citizens of the cities and farmers and herdsmen. "Almuchkino" (mushkenu) and those representing the middle class, who are closer to the free layer in social terms, and like putting pro in the pre-Islamic era and in early Islam when Arab.alobeid, and these are always scrutinized certain individuals or temples. And Abdul be exercised with the consent of his master trade mark has a shave half a head so as not to run away, and if the staff had to escape capture and return it to its owner. The origin of many of the slaves to prisoners of war and Spayaha. And Abdul those aged himself, has been adopted by one of them, and the treatment is acceptable, and prepare their personnel to gather Almenzla.olm not ancient oriental society in general, even in big cities quite stable, with the presence of the family, there is a large family, or clan that lived in the city and the village, and the juxtaposition Bedouin and herders. Many of these have succeeded in developing themselves and became soldiers and officers, and were able to rise to the post of governor or king, and the founding of the ruling families, as was the case of the founders of the first and Babylonian dynasties Babylonian Alhadith.dan had Pablan gods own, headed god of the city of Babylon Murdoch creator god, protector of individuals, as well as the god of war, is the son of God, "whatever" god of wisdom, and has a son named "Nebo" protector of scribes and educated. The goddess Ishtar goddess Venus and the goddess of fertility and war together, and "O" moon god, and "Shamash" sun god, truth and justice. As the rest of the worship of the gods Sumerian, but the
names of Babylonian, but many gods major city where a temple president to worship God, but worship spread in all the cities and throughout the state, status is president of the gods Sumerian Babylonian complex "Ann / Anu" in the city of Uruk (the Warka), based in heaven. And the Sumerian god Enlil found the temple president in the city of Laredo, and the head of the Ishtar Temple in the city of Uruk, too. And god "Nebo" in the city Borsippa. Holiday "Akito" (akitu) New Year the most important holidays of the Babylonian, extending its celebrations several days, and are originally in the fall, and then turned to spring. The movement of the statues of the gods in a majestic procession to the house of a special celebration is usually located outside the city wall. Traditionally a recited prayers and songs in honor of the god Marduk, who was temple-tower (Zkorth) in Babylon largest models that Almabid.aleghanon the word religion in Akkadian (Babylonian) means «a matter of law, a legal judgment» and the judge called Diane, responsible for the protection of law and justice All the gods, particularly the sun god (Shamash), which is described as sees everything. The King Vhoalve is responsible for law enforcement on the ground, the largest of the judge. I knew Babylonia Sumerian legislation dating back to the oldest of the King "Oornamu" (2111-1994q.m), followed by the King legislation "to the house of Ishtar" King of Essen (1934-1924q.m). Then the king issued a Eshnunna after the legislation is written in Babylonian. The most prominent of these laws Kanehghanon Hammurabi, which contains approximately 200 legal article dealing with many things related to family affairs and slaves, land and Altjarh.odb Babylonian language Assyrian language dialects of the Akkadian language that prevailed in Mesopotamia before the emergence of the ancient Babylonian Kingdom and the Kingdom of the ancient Assyrian. And was able Babylonian language that arrived during the reign of Hammurabi to maturity and perfection that is reflected in the Code of Hammurabi stage, to prevail the world of the ancient Near East, and become the language of political and economic documents in those areas about a thousand a year, to be replaced by the Aramaic language sister. As it was written in cuneiform tomography, which was developed to serve different purposes. The literature of the ancient Babylonian era continuation of the work of the Sumerian literary high impact in the literature between General Mesopotamia, then Malbut be liberated from tradition to innovation as literary works emerged reflected the living developments, and the maturity of the language that you are interested in technical and aesthetic manner. The myth is room for inspired answers to questions they inspire the imagination of the Babylonians about the world in which they live, as well as issues such as the creation, death, and immortality, sin and punishment. Among the most prominent myths myth "Otrkhsais"That of the most prominent themes of man's creation and the conflict of the gods, and the flood, and divine punishment. The Epic of Gilgamesh the Babylonian version, which revolves
around the idea of getting on the immortality and eternal youth. And the myth of Adaba who miss out on the chance of immortality. And the legend "came to us", the first king of the city of Kish after the flood, he has held to get from inherit. And the myth of the descent of Ishtar to the underworld, which is irreversible from him, but they come back with the help of God, "Gia," which restores to life, offering God Dmosze (July) ransom her, sends instead of them, and alternating residence in the underworld every six months, and miss him lush greenery temporarily a symbol of the changing seasons of the year. Then the legend Babylonian creative show in the eighth century BC is the myth of the "Era" god of plague and destruction that give him the national god Merodach temporarily throne to lead a war to subdue people who are no longer left to the gods of chance to rest, but he finally manage to bring stability to the country and to correct the situation and regret I do bloody, and convinces him his minister directed blows to the enemies of the Babylonian. An important business story of the Babylonian creation myth known Bmtalaaha "Anouma Elish" any «When there in the highest», and dealing with the old subject with a new vision to perpetuate the status Mardukh president of the compound Mesopotamian gods. And he emerged as the poem "to Omagdn master of wisdom" that express the human despair Babylonian era in Kashi and is skeptical of the divine justice, and his pessimism for frequent calamities that befall him. And paired with the travel of the Book of Job Altnach. He knew in Babylonia wisdom literature that puts its priorities moral targets educational Kalomthal system poetry, sermons, religious stories, animal tales, debates or conversations that take place on the tongues of animals, and between plants and between people on a variety of topics divine such as justice, and love. The book was written by religious supplication hymns to the gods, and tales of comic satirical, including the tale of the poor, which gave the ruling Najtah a symbol of the dream of the poor revenge against the rich rulers on Kdarham.alom [edit] ask to work in agriculture and measure the land and construction of irrigation palaces channels, temples and others to engage in commerce knowledge of the account The geometry and algebra. Prevailing system in the whole country of Iraq was the sexagenarian system both in the account or in the measurement of time or weights and measures regulations. Vksmt year to twelve months and today to the twenty-four hours, which is the system in place until today. The idea of Arafa box cube and were able to circle around and calculate the area. Cared for and monitor the planets because they believe its impact in people's lives as the gods, tied between the movements and appearances of various nature, and this is what has led to the emergence of astrology them and divided the circle ecliptic into twelve towers. There are people Rasdoa stars in the night and the day and follow their tracks and wrote the Mracbathm and Orsadhm, this has enabled them to predict eclipses and eclipse, and so they became great fame in this area. As medicine has become associated with them of witchcraft, and the patient was treated on the basis that an evil spirit entered his body, and therefore the treatment on a magical plant and animal medicines and other spells. There is no describing the diagnosis of certain diseases and their
symptoms and ways to address them. They knew many types of medical drugs and ointments, and allowed the doctor to exercise surgery, according to the Code of Hammurabi to bear their consequences.
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